Addressing Climate Driven Vector-Borne Disease in West Africa.

Abstract

Introduction Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) pose a significant public health threat in West Africa, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations. This region is highly susceptible to the effects of climate change due to its geographical location, dependence on rain-fed agriculture, and fragile ecosystems. This narrative review explores the complex interplay between climate change and the escalating burden of VBDs, including malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and Lassa fever, to inform a coordinated regional response. Methods Appropriate publications from 2010 to 2025 were identified from scientific databases (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed) and reports from international bodies (WHO, Africa CDC, WAHO). The review included articles that presented empirical data, modeling studies, and policy analyzes contextual to West Africa. A total of 21 papers were selected for a detailed narrative synthesis to discuss climate drivers, challenges, and policy recommendations. Results Climate change, characterized by rising temperatures, altered precipitation, and increased extreme events, profoundly influences vector biology, distribution, and disease transmission dynamics. Optimal temperature ranges and recurrent flooding create ideal breeding grounds, exacerbating outbreaks. West Africa's challenges are compounded by socioeconomic factors like deforestation and rapid urbanization, which strain fragile healthcare systems. The VBD burden results in a severe economic toll on productivity and trade, disrupting social stability and hindering progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key findings point to the urgent need for a holistic response. Conclusion Addressing this multifaceted challenge requires a coordinated regional effort focusing on strengthening cross-border disease surveillance, establishing real-time data-sharing and early warning systems, and implementing Integrated Vector Management (IVM). This article emphasizes the urgent need for political commitment, sustained funding from regional and international partners, and collaborative efforts to build climate-resilient health systems and effectively combat the growing threat of vector-borne diseases in West Africa.